Violation of human rights and freedoms by social scoring
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61823/dpia.2025.1.537Keywords:
social scoring, artificial intelligence, human rights and freedomsAbstract
People’s online and offline activities allow a lot of data to be collected that can be given to analysis and evaluation without human intervention. For several years, systems have been developed in China using artificial intelligence, in which people are automatically scored based on unspecified public and private data. So-called social scoring, is the subject of a legislative process in Europe, as the new technological solutions significantly infringe upon human rights and freedoms.
References
Backer L.C., And an Algorithm to Bind Them All? Social Credit, Data Driven Governance, and the Emergence of an Operating System for Global Normative Orders (May 21, 2018), Entangled Legalities Workshop 24 & 25 May 2018, Geneva, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3182889 lub http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3182889.
Bekkum van M., Borgesius F.Z., Digital welfare fraud detection and the Dutch SyRI judgment, „European Journal of Social Security” 2021, nr 23(4), s. 323‑340, https://doi.org/10.1177/13882627211031257.
COMPAS – Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanction.
Duhigg C., How companies learn your secrets, „The New York Times” 16.02.2012, s. 1‑16.
Feyaad A., Facial Recognition Technology and Voter Turnout, „The Journal of Politics” 2023, vol. 85, nr 1, https://doi.org/10.1086/722039 [dostęp: 31.05.2023].
Halsband A., Heinrichs B., AI, Suicide Prevention and the Limits of Beneficence, „Philosophy & Technology” 2022, nr 35, s. 103, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347‑022‑00599-z.https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2014/06/14/planning-outline-for-the-constructionof-a-social-credit-system‑2014‑2020/.
https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/2702103/Sample-Risk-Assessment-COMPAS-CORE.pdf.
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/11/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebookuser-data [dostęp: 26.05.2023].
Komisja Europejska, BIAŁA KSIĘGA w sprawie sztucznej inteligencji. Europejskie podejście do doskonałości i zaufania PL, Bruksela, dnia 19.02.2020 r. COM(2020) 65 final.
Larson J., Mattu S., Kirchner L., Angwin J., How We Analyzed the COMPAS Recidivism Algorithm, 23 May 2016, https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivismalgorithm.
Liang F., Chen Y., The making of “good” citizens: China’s Social Credit Systems and infrastructures of social quantification, „Policy & Internet” 2022, nr 14, s. 114‑135, https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.291.
Nemitz P., Constitutional democracy and technology in the age of artificial intelligence, „Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences” 2018, vol. 376, iss. 2133, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0089.
Niklas J., Sztandar-Sztanderska K., Szymielewicz K., Profiling the unemployed in Poland: social and political implications of algorithmic decision making, https://panoptykon.org/sites/default/files/leadimage-biblioteka/panoptykon_profiling_report_final.pdf.
Reece A.G., Reagan A.J., Lix K.L.M., Dodds P.S., Danforth C.M., Langer E.J., Forecasting the onset and course of mental illness with Twitter data, „ Scientific Reports” 2017, nr 7(1), s. 13006, doi:10.1038/s41598‑017‑12961‑9. PMID: 29021528; PMCID: PMC5636873.
Rozporządzenie Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2024/1689 z dnia 13 czerwca 2024 r. w sprawie ustanowienia zharmonizowanych przepisów dotyczących sztucznej inteligencji oraz zmiany rozporządzeń (WE) nr 300/2008, (UE) nr 167/2013, (UE) nr 168/2013, (UE) 2018/858, (UE)
2018/1139 i (UE) 2019/2144 oraz dyrektyw 2014/90/UE, (UE) 2016/797 i (UE) 2020/1828 (akt w sprawie sztucznej inteligencji) (Tekst mający znaczenie dla EOG).
Síthigh Mac D., Siems M., The Chinese Social Credit System: A Model for Other Countries?, „Modern Law Review” 2019, nr 82(6), s. 1034‑1071, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468‑2230.12462.
State Council, Notice concerning Issuance of the Planning Outline for the Construction of a Social Credit System (2014‑2020).
Stiglitz J.E., Weiss A., Credit rationing in markets with imperfect information, „The American Economic Review” 1981, nr 71(3), s. 393‑410.
Wang Y., Kosinski M., Deep neural networks are more accurate than humans at detecting sexual orientation from facial images, „Journal of Personality and Social Psychology” 2018, nr 114(2), s. 246‑257, https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000098.
Wyrok Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z 6.06.2018 r., K 53/16, OTK-A 2018, nr 38.
Yu L., Li X., Tang L. et al., Social credit: a comprehensive literature review, „Financial Innovation” 2015, nr 6, art. 1, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854‑015‑0005‑6.
Zuboff S., Wiek kapitalizmu inwigilacji, Poznań 2020.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Mateusz Pszczyński
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
